Nansemond County was first established as Upper Norfolk County in 1637 from the western part of New Norfolk County. The name change to Nansemond (Nansimum) occurred in 1646. The county's name derived from the Nansemond Indians, who lived in the area in the seventeenth century. In 1769 the first of two transfers of territory from Nansemond to Isle of Wight County took place when all lands west of Chuckatuck Creek went to the latter. In 1772 the territory known as Rascow's Neck was also transferred to Isle of Wight administration. In 1785 the portion of the county south of the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers went to Southampton County.
Nansemond County was abolished as a county in July 1972 when it became the independent city of Nansemond. Two years later, in 1974, Nansemond City merged with the independent city of Suffolk and took the name of the latter.
Nansemond's records have suffered from multiple destructions. The first occurred in April 1734 , when a fire at the home of the county clerk destroyed most of the records stored there. Some deeds and wills were rerecorded, but the records again were destroyed when British infantry burned the entire town of suffolk, including the clerk's office, on 13 May 1779. What survived this disaster faced a fire of unknown origin which swept through the clerk's office on 7 Feb. 1866. The remaining few records are now housed with those of the City of Suffolk
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